JapaneseJLPT
JLPT N5 grammar · Chapter 8

~なくてはいけません・~なくてはなりません・~ないといけません

Say you must do something

You’ll be able to express obligation three ways and pick the one suited to your context.

Illustration of the scene described by I have to take medicine every day.
Read it first

毎日まいにち、薬くすりを飲のまなくてはいけません。

mainichi, kusuri o nomanakute wa ikemasen.

What do you think this sentence means?

I have to take medicine every day.

Why it means that

Say that something has to be done

These patterns express obligation: “must” or “have to.” ~なくてはいけません and ~なくてはなりません are careful forms; ~ないといけません is common in conversation.

Examples

明日あした、早はやく起おきなくてはいけません。

ashita, hayaku okinakute wa ikemasen.

I have to get up early tomorrow.

ここで靴くつを脱ぬがなくてはなりません。

koko de kutsu o nuganakute wa narimasen.

You must take off your shoes here.

もう帰かえらないといけません。

mou kaeranai to ikemasen.

I have to go home now.

How it is built

~なくてはいけません

Take the ない-form, remove the final い, and add くてはいけません.

Verb-ない:ない→なくてはいけません
Examples

行いかない → 行いかなくてはいけません

ikanai → ikanakute wa ikemasen

not go → must go

勉強べんきょうしない → 勉強べんきょうしなくてはいけません

benkyou shinai → benkyou shinakute wa ikemasen

not study → must study

起おきない → 起おきなくてはいけません

okinai → okinakute wa ikemasen

not get up → must get up

How it is built

~なくてはなりません

Build it the same way, using くてはなりません. This often sounds a little more formal or rule-like.

Verb-ない:ない→なくてはなりません
Examples

薬くすりを飲のまなくてはなりません。

kusuri o nomanakute wa narimasen.

I must take medicine.

ここで待またなくてはなりません。

koko de matanakute wa narimasen.

I must wait here.

申込書もうしこみしょを書かかなくてはなりません。

moushikomisho o kakanakute wa narimasen.

I must fill out the application form.

How it is built

~ないといけません

Keep the full ない-form and add といけません. This is very common in everyday speech.

Verb-ない+といけません
Examples

もう帰かえらないといけません。

mou kaeranai to ikemasen.

I have to go home now.

宿題しゅくだいをしないといけません。

shukudai o shinai to ikemasen.

I have to do my homework.

明日あしたは早はやく来こないといけません。

ashita wa hayaku konai to ikemasen.

I have to come early tomorrow.

Compare

~てはいけません vs ~なくてはいけません

They look almost the same and mean opposite things. Built on the て-form it forbids; built on the ない-form it obliges.

  • Must do

    毎日まいにち、薬くすりを飲のまなくてはいけません。

    mainichi, kusuri o nomanakute wa ikemasen.

    I have to take medicine every day.

    Not taking it is what is unacceptable, so you must.

  • Must not do

    ここでタバコを吸すってはいけません。

    koko de tabako o sutte wa ikemasen.

    You must not smoke here.

    Doing it is what is unacceptable.

Examples

毎朝まいあさ、六ろく時じに起きおきなくてはいけません。

maiasa, rokuji ni okinakute wa ikemasen.

I have to get up at six every morning.

今日きょう、宿題しゅくだいをしなくてはいけません。

kyou, shukudai o shinakute wa ikemasen.

I have to do my homework today.

この本ほんを明日あした返さかえさなくてはいけません。

kono hon o ashita kaesanakute wa ikemasen.

I have to return this book tomorrow.

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